SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    838, 841, 837, 840, 846, 842, 847, 836, 
    845, 844, 843, 839, 831, 825
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00034

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "12.06"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 19,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 19,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (838,841,837,840,846,842,847,836,845,844,843,839,831,825))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "10.16",
        "eval_cost": "1.90",
        "prefix_cost": "12.06",
        "data_read_per_join": "67K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}