SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2064, 2274, 2063, 2282, 2016, 2019, 2341, 
    2115, 2175, 2119, 2277, 2323, 2062, 
    2336, 2177, 2178
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00042

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "21.56"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 39,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 39,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2064,2274,2063,2282,2016,2019,2341,2115,2175,2119,2277,2323,2062,2336,2177,2178))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "17.66",
        "eval_cost": "3.90",
        "prefix_cost": "21.56",
        "data_read_per_join": "138K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}