SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2725, 2734, 2735, 2779, 2800, 3149, 3199, 
    3245, 3364, 3023, 2690
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00055

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "12.66"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 22,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 22,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2725,2734,2735,2779,2800,3149,3199,3245,3364,3023,2690))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "10.46",
        "eval_cost": "2.20",
        "prefix_cost": "12.66",
        "data_read_per_join": "77K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}