SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2885, 2880, 2879, 2884, 2886, 2883, 2892, 
    2891, 2890, 2896, 2893, 2899, 2887, 
    2900, 2904, 2908, 2910, 2903, 2916, 
    2917, 2918, 2919, 2912, 2915, 2911
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00030

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "22.46"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 36,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 36,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2885,2880,2879,2884,2886,2883,2892,2891,2890,2896,2893,2899,2887,2900,2904,2908,2910,2903,2916,2917,2918,2919,2912,2915,2911))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "18.86",
        "eval_cost": "3.60",
        "prefix_cost": "22.46",
        "data_read_per_join": "127K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}