SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2603, 2602, 2606, 2600, 2605, 2604, 2601, 
    2609, 2612, 2608, 2611, 2607, 2610
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00045

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "9.11"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 13,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 13,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2603,2602,2606,2600,2605,2604,2601,2609,2612,2608,2611,2607,2610))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "7.81",
        "eval_cost": "1.30",
        "prefix_cost": "9.11",
        "data_read_per_join": "46K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}