SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1809, 1810, 1811, 1830, 1819, 1831, 1815, 
    1832, 1822, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1816, 
    1817, 1818, 1820, 1829, 1828, 1821, 
    1827, 1836, 1835, 1834, 1833, 1838, 
    1837
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00028

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "19.11"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 28,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 28,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1809,1810,1811,1830,1819,1831,1815,1832,1822,1812,1813,1814,1816,1817,1818,1820,1829,1828,1821,1827,1836,1835,1834,1833,1838,1837))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "16.31",
        "eval_cost": "2.80",
        "prefix_cost": "19.11",
        "data_read_per_join": "99K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}