SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2563, 2562, 2564, 2565, 2569, 2570, 2568, 
    2567, 2566, 2560, 2578, 2574, 2579, 
    2581, 2575, 2573, 2580, 2572, 2576, 
    2577, 2582
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00044

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "15.16"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 22,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 22,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2563,2562,2564,2565,2569,2570,2568,2567,2566,2560,2578,2574,2579,2581,2575,2573,2580,2572,2576,2577,2582))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "12.96",
        "eval_cost": "2.20",
        "prefix_cost": "15.16",
        "data_read_per_join": "77K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}