SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1782, 1781, 
    1784, 1785, 1783, 1789, 1786, 1787, 
    1788, 1790, 1791, 1794, 1795, 1792, 
    1793, 1796, 1799, 1798, 1797, 1800, 
    1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 
    1807
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00032

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "22.41"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 32,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 32,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1782,1781,1784,1785,1783,1789,1786,1787,1788,1790,1791,1794,1795,1792,1793,1796,1799,1798,1797,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "19.21",
        "eval_cost": "3.20",
        "prefix_cost": "22.41",
        "data_read_per_join": "113K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}